Subdividing patients with a brain injury into these categories facilitates determination of appropriate medical treatment and prognosis for recovery. Strict criteria allow for classification of brain injury as mild, moderate, or severe. Traumatic brain injury is classified at the time of injury by certain measures, including duration of loss of consciousness, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. These signs include confusion, loss of consciousness, amnesia, and focal neurological deficits. ![]() Definitive signs must be present at the time of head trauma for a traumatic brain injury to be diagnosed. The usual causes include assaults, crashes, and accidents involving motor vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, construction, and sports. Traumatic brain injury may occur with or without evidence of external trauma following violent contact forces or rapid acceleration/deceleration movements of the head. 5 The clinical manifestations and treatment of MTBI will be reviewed in this article. It is estimated that more than 50% of the persons with MTBI will develop symptoms 4 and that approximately 15% will develop persistent disabling problems. The number of individuals at risk for sequelae following MTBI is somewhere between the thousands of those who are hospitalized and the millions who have "minor" head trauma every year but who do not initially seek medical attention or are discharged home from emergency departments. In the worst cases, MTBI results in disability that can have an impact on social relationships, employment, and routine daily functions. ![]() The term mild traumatic brain injury may be misleading, as it includes a spectrum of manifestations that can range from transient mild symptoms to ongoing disabling problems. 3 Many individuals with MTBI do not come to medical attention at the time of initial injury but instead present to their primary care physicians days, weeks, or even months later with complaints of persistent troubling symptoms. It is estimated that 8 million individuals suffer head injuries in the United States annually, 1 400000 to 500000 of whom are hospitalized, 2 and of those, 80% meet criteria for MTBI. Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is an epidemic in the United States. ![]() Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.
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